Surface Transportation Board Reauthorization Act of 2015

Repeals the requirement that DOT provide administrative support for the Board.

(Sec. 4) Increases Board membership from three to five members.

Increases from two to three the minimum number of Board members who must have professional standing and demonstrated knowledge in the fields of transportation, transportation regulation, or economic regulation.

Increases from one to two the minimum number of Board members who must have professional or business experience (including agriculture) in the private sector.

(Sec. 5) Authorizes a majority of Board members to hold a meeting not open to the public to discuss official business if:

no formal or informal vote or other official agency action is taken,

each individual present is a Board member or employee, and

the Board's General Counsel is present.

Requires the Board to disclose topics and participants within two business days after any non-public meeting, unless the discussion relates to an ongoing proceeding, in which case the required disclosure is postponed till the date of the final Board decision.

(Sec. 6) Requires the Board to:

establish a database of rail service complaints it has received, and

post quarterly reports of rail rate reasonableness cases as well as rail service complaints it has received on its website. (Sec. 7) Reauthorizes appropriations for FY2016-FY2020 for the Board.

(Sec. 8) Allows a rail carrier's agent to be located outside of Washington, DC.

(Sec. 9) Grants the DOT Inspector General authority to review only the financial management, property management, and business operations of the Board to determine its compliance with federal laws, rules, and regulations. Authorizes appropriations.

(Sec. 11) Requires the Board to:

maintain one or more simplified and expedited methods for determining the reasonableness of challenged rail rates in cases where a full stand-alone cost presentation is too costly, given the value of the case; and

maintain procedures to ensure expeditious handling of challenges to the reasonableness of rail rates.

Prescribes time limits for Board review of rail rate reasonableness cases, including:

150 days for discovery, 155 days for development of the evidentiary record, 60 days for submission of a closing brief, and 180 days for a final Board decision.

Authorizes the Board to extend a timeline after a request from any party or in the interest of due process.

Repeals certain rail service contract limitations involving the transportation of agricultural commodities.

(Sec. 12) Authorizes the Board to investigate rail carrier and pipeline carrier violations on its own initiative as well as on complaint (as under existing law). Prescribes requirements for investigations commenced on the Board's own initiative.

(Sec. 13) Requires the Board to establish a voluntary binding arbitration process to resolve rail rate and practice disputes.

(Sec. 14) Directs the Government Accountability Office to study rail rate contract proposals containing multiple origin-to-destination movements.

(Sec. 15) Directs the Board to report to Congress on whether:

current large rate case methodologies are sufficient, not unduly complex, and cost effective; and sound economic alternative methodologies exist, or could be developed, to streamline and expedite large rate cases.

Requires the Board to make quarterly reports to Congress on its progress toward addressing the issues raised in each unfinished regulatory proceeding, regardless of whether the proceeding is subject to a statutory or regulatory deadline.

(Sec. 16) Requires Board standards and procedures for establishing revenue levels for rail carriers to be adequate for the infrastructure and investment needed to meet the present and future demand for rail services.

(Sec. 17) Declares that nothing in this Act may be construed to affect any suit commenced by or against the Board, or any proceeding or challenge pending before it, before the enactment of this Act.