PlainBillCongress, translated.Legislation. Context. Public interest.Alternate name Official bill text · Enrolled
Became Public Law No: 119-12.
Congressional Research Service
Version 49 · Public Law · May 19, 2025
Tools to Address Known Exploitation by Immobilizing Technological Deepfakes on Websites and Networks Act or the TAKE IT DOWN Act
This act generally prohibits the nonconsensual online publication of intimate visual depictions of individuals, both authentic and computer-generated, and requires certain online platforms (e.g., social media platforms) to promptly remove such depictions upon receiving notice of their existence.
Specifically, the act prohibits the online publication of intimate visual depictions of
Showing the opening paragraphs of the official summary.
an adult subject where publication is intended to cause or does cause harm to the subject, and where the depiction was published without the subject’s consent or, in the case of an authentic depiction, was created or obtained under circumstances where the adult had a reasonable expectation of privacy; or
a minor subject where publication is intended to abuse or harass the minor or to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person.
Violators are subject to mandatory restitution and criminal penalties, including prison, a fine, or both. Threats to publish intimate visual depictions of a subject are similarly prohibited and subject to criminal penalties.
Separately, covered platforms must establish a process through which subjects of intimate visual depictions may notify the platform of the existence of, and request removal of, an intimate visual depiction including the subject that was published without the subject’s consent. Covered platforms must remove such depictions within 48 hours of notification. Under the act, covered platforms are defined as public websites, online services, or applications that primarily provide a forum for user-generated content.
People & committees
Sen. Cruz, Ted [R-TX] · R–TX
Legislative record
A procedural vote is different from passage. Passage in one chamber does not establish enactment. Explore the glossary.
Became Public Law No: 119-12.
Became Public Law No: 119-12.
Signed by President.
Signed by President.
Presented to President.
Presented to President.
Motion to reconsider laid on the table Agreed to without objection.
On motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill Agreed to by the Yeas and Nays: (2/3 required): 409 - 2 (Roll no. 104). (text: CR H1644-1645)
House roll call 104 · Individual votesPassed/agreed to in House: On motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill Agreed to by the Yeas and Nays: (2/3 required): 409 - 2 (Roll no. 104). (text: CR H1644-1645: 1)
House roll call 104 · Individual votesConsidered as unfinished business. (consideration: CR H1669)
At the conclusion of debate, the Yeas and Nays were demanded and ordered. Pursuant to the provisions of clause 8, rule XX, the Chair announced that further proceedings on the motion would be postponed.
DEBATE - The House proceeded with forty minutes of debate on S. 146.
Considered under suspension of the rules. (consideration: CR H1644-1643)
Mr. Bilirakis moved to suspend the rules and pass the bill.
Held at the desk.
Received in the House.
Message on Senate action sent to the House.
Passed Senate without amendment by Unanimous Consent. (consideration: CR S988; text: CR S988-990)
Passed/agreed to in Senate: Passed Senate without amendment by Unanimous Consent.
Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation discharged by Unanimous Consent.
Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation discharged by Unanimous Consent.
Read twice and referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.
Introduced in Senate
Primary sources
Text links open the official source. We also preserved the text version used in the PlainBill explanation below.
Source last updated: Sep 8, 2026. Consult Congress.gov for the current record.
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PlainBill explanation
Based on the full Enrolled Bill text. This explanation has not received human editorial review. This overview describes the legislation as enacted, without incorporating later amendments. It does not establish its real-world effects.
The law creates federal crimes for certain online posts of intimate images and threats to publish them. It covers authentic images and realistic computer-generated fakes, with different conditions for adults and children and exceptions for specified lawful uses. It also gives people a way to request removal of intimate images posted without their permission: covered public websites and apps must remove them as soon as possible, within 48 hours of a valid request, and make reasonable efforts to remove known identical copies. Covered services had one year after enactment to establish this request process.
2025-05-19: Became Public Law No: 119-12.
The term digital forgery means any intimate visual depiction of an identifiable individual created through the use of software, machine learning, artificial intelligence, or any other computer-generated or technological means, including by adapting, modifying, manipulating, or altering an authentic visual depiction, that, when viewed as a whole by a reasonable person, is indistinguishable from an authentic visual depiction of the individual.
(A) Involving adults Except as provided in subparagraph (C), it shall be unlawful for any person, in interstate or foreign commerce, to use an interactive computer service to knowingly publish an intimate visual depiction of an identifiable individual who is not a minor if— (i) the intimate visual depiction was obtained or created under circumstances in which the person knew or reasonably should have known the identifiable individual had a reasonable expectation of privacy; (ii) what is depicted was not voluntarily exposed by the identifiable individual in a public or commercial setting; (iii) what is depicted is not a matter of public concern; and (iv) publication of the intimate visual depiction— (I) is intended to cause harm; or (II) causes harm, including psychological, financial, or reputational harm, to the identifiable individual.
(A) Involving adults Except as provided in subparagraph (C), it shall be unlawful for any person, in interstate or foreign commerce, to use an interactive computer service to knowingly publish a digital forgery of an identifiable individual who is not a minor if— (i) the digital forgery was published without the consent of the identifiable individual; (ii) what is depicted was not voluntarily exposed by the identifiable individual in a public or commercial setting; (iii) what is depicted is not a matter of public concern; and (iv) publication of the digital forgery— (I) is intended to cause harm; or (II) causes harm, including psychological, financial, or reputational harm, to the identifiable individual.
The term minor means any individual under the age of 18 years.
(B) Involving minors Except as provided in subparagraph (C), it shall be unlawful for any person, in interstate or foreign commerce, to use an interactive computer service to knowingly publish an intimate visual depiction of an identifiable individual who is a minor with intent to— (i) abuse, humiliate, harass, or degrade the minor; or (ii) arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person.
(B) Involving minors Except as provided in subparagraph (C), it shall be unlawful for any person, in interstate or foreign commerce, to use an interactive computer service to knowingly publish a digital forgery of an identifiable individual who is a minor with intent to— (i) abuse, humiliate, harass, or degrade the minor; or (ii) arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person.
(C) Exceptions Subparagraphs (A) and (B) shall not apply to— (i) a lawfully authorized investigative, protective, or intelligence activity of— (I) a law enforcement agency of the United States, a State, or a political subdivision of a State; or (II) an intelligence agency of the United States; (ii) a disclosure made reasonably and in good faith— (I) to a law enforcement officer or agency; (II) as part of a document production or filing associated with a legal proceeding; (III) as part of medical education, diagnosis, or treatment or for a legitimate medical, scientific, or education purpose; (IV) in the reporting of unlawful content or unsolicited or unwelcome conduct or in pursuance of a legal, professional, or other lawful obligation; or (V) to seek support or help with respect to the receipt of an unsolicited intimate visual depiction; (iii) a disclosure reasonably intended to assist the identifiable individual; (iv) a person who possesses or publishes an intimate visual depiction of himself or herself engaged in nudity or sexually explicit conduct (as that term is defined in section 2256(2)(A) of title 18, United States Code); or (v) the publication of an intimate visual depiction that constitutes— (I) child pornography (as that term is defined in section 2256 of title 18, United States Code); or (II) a visual depiction described in subsection (a) or (b) of section 1466A of title 18, United States Code (relating to obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children).
Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to limit the application of any other relevant law, including section 2252 of title 18, United States Code.
The term covered platform means a website, online service, online application, or mobile application— (i) that serves the public; and (ii) (I) that primarily provides a forum for user-generated content, including messages, videos, images, games, and audio files; or (II) for which it is in the regular course of trade or business of the website, online service, online application, or mobile application to publish, curate, host, or make available content of nonconsensual intimate visual depictions.
(B) Exclusions The term covered platform shall not include the following: (i) A provider of broadband internet access service (as described in section 8.1(b) of title 47, Code of Federal Regulations, or successor regulation). (ii) Electronic mail. (iii) Except as provided in subparagraph (A)(ii)(II), an online service, application, or website— (I) that consists primarily of content that is not user generated but is preselected by the provider of such online service, application, or website; and (II) for which any chat, comment, or interactive functionality is incidental to, directly related to, or dependent on the provision of the content described in subclause (I).
Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, a covered platform shall establish a process whereby an identifiable individual (or an authorized person acting on behalf of such individual) may— (i) notify the covered platform of an intimate visual depiction published on the covered platform that— (I) includes a depiction of the identifiable individual; and (II) was published without the consent of the identifiable individual; and (ii) submit a request for the covered platform to remove such intimate visual depiction.
Upon receiving a valid removal request from an identifiable individual (or an authorized person acting on behalf of such individual) using the process described in paragraph (1)(A)(ii), a covered platform shall, as soon as possible, but not later than 48 hours after receiving such request— (A) remove the intimate visual depiction; and (B) make reasonable efforts to identify and remove any known identical copies of such depiction.
(6) Threats (A) Threats involving authentic intimate visual depictions Any person who intentionally threatens to commit an offense under paragraph (2) for the purpose of intimidation, coercion, extortion, or to create mental distress shall be punished as provided in paragraph (4). (B) Threats involving digital forgeries (i) Threats involving adults Any person who intentionally threatens to commit an offense under paragraph (3)(A) for the purpose of intimidation, coercion, extortion, or to create mental distress shall be fined under title 18, United States Code, imprisoned not more than 18 months, or both. (ii) Threats involving minors Any person who intentionally threatens to commit an offense under paragraph (3)(B) for the purpose of intimidation, coercion, extortion, or to create mental distress shall be fined under title 18, United States Code, imprisoned not more than 30 months, or both.
Consent must be affirmative, conscious, voluntary, and free of force, fraud, duress, misrepresentation, or coercion. A minor is anyone under 18.
The term consent means an affirmative, conscious, and voluntary authorization made by an individual free from force, fraud, duress, misrepresentation, or coercion.
The term minor means any individual under the age of 18 years.
A digital forgery is a technologically created or altered intimate depiction that a reasonable person, viewing it as a whole, cannot distinguish from an authentic depiction. An identifiable individual must appear in the depiction and have a face, likeness, or other distinguishing characteristic displayed in connection with it.
The term digital forgery means any intimate visual depiction of an identifiable individual created through the use of software, machine learning, artificial intelligence, or any other computer-generated or technological means, including by adapting, modifying, manipulating, or altering an authentic visual depiction, that, when viewed as a whole by a reasonable person, is indistinguishable from an authentic visual depiction of the individual.
The term identifiable individual means an individual— (i) who appears in whole or in part in an intimate visual depiction; and (ii) whose face, likeness, or other distinguishing characteristic (including a unique birthmark or other recognizable feature) is displayed in connection with such intimate visual depiction.
Subject to exceptions, publishing an authentic intimate depiction of an identifiable adult is a crime when all specified conditions apply: knowing publication through an interactive computer service in interstate or foreign commerce; a known or reasonably knowable expectation of privacy when obtained or created; no voluntary public or commercial exposure of what is depicted; no matter of public concern; and intended or actual harm.
Except as provided in subparagraph (C), it shall be unlawful for any person, in interstate or foreign commerce, to use an interactive computer service to knowingly publish an intimate visual depiction of an identifiable individual who is not a minor if— (i) the intimate visual depiction was obtained or created under circumstances in which the person knew or reasonably should have known the identifiable individual had a reasonable expectation of privacy; (ii) what is depicted was not voluntarily exposed by the identifiable individual in a public or commercial setting; (iii) what is depicted is not a matter of public concern; and (iv) publication of the intimate visual depiction— (I) is intended to cause harm; or (II) causes harm, including psychological, financial, or reputational harm, to the identifiable individual.
Subject to exceptions, knowingly publishing an authentic intimate depiction of an identifiable minor through an interactive computer service in interstate or foreign commerce is a crime when done to abuse, humiliate, harass, or degrade the minor, or to arouse or gratify anyone's sexual desire.
Except as provided in subparagraph (C), it shall be unlawful for any person, in interstate or foreign commerce, to use an interactive computer service to knowingly publish an intimate visual depiction of an identifiable individual who is a minor with intent to— (i) abuse, humiliate, harass, or degrade the minor; or (ii) arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person.
Subject to exceptions, knowingly publishing a digital forgery of an identifiable adult through an interactive computer service in interstate or foreign commerce is a crime if publication lacks consent, what is depicted was not voluntarily exposed publicly or commercially and is not a matter of public concern, and publication is intended to cause harm or causes harm.
Except as provided in subparagraph (C), it shall be unlawful for any person, in interstate or foreign commerce, to use an interactive computer service to knowingly publish a digital forgery of an identifiable individual who is not a minor if— (i) the digital forgery was published without the consent of the identifiable individual; (ii) what is depicted was not voluntarily exposed by the identifiable individual in a public or commercial setting; (iii) what is depicted is not a matter of public concern; and (iv) publication of the digital forgery— (I) is intended to cause harm; or (II) causes harm, including psychological, financial, or reputational harm, to the identifiable individual.
Subject to exceptions, knowingly publishing a digital forgery of an identifiable minor through an interactive computer service in interstate or foreign commerce is a crime when done to abuse, humiliate, harass, or degrade the minor, or to arouse or gratify anyone's sexual desire.
Except as provided in subparagraph (C), it shall be unlawful for any person, in interstate or foreign commerce, to use an interactive computer service to knowingly publish a digital forgery of an identifiable individual who is a minor with intent to— (i) abuse, humiliate, harass, or degrade the minor; or (ii) arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person.
Both publication prohibitions exempt lawfully authorized investigative, protective, or intelligence activities of specified law enforcement and federal intelligence agencies.
Subparagraphs (A) and (B) shall not apply to— (i) a lawfully authorized investigative, protective, or intelligence activity of— (I) a law enforcement agency of the United States, a State, or a political subdivision of a State; or (II) an intelligence agency of the United States;
Both publication prohibitions exempt reasonable, good-faith disclosures for listed reporting, legal, medical, scientific, educational, and support purposes. They also exempt disclosures reasonably intended to assist the depicted individual.
(ii) a disclosure made reasonably and in good faith— (I) to a law enforcement officer or agency; (II) as part of a document production or filing associated with a legal proceeding; (III) as part of medical education, diagnosis, or treatment or for a legitimate medical, scientific, or education purpose; (IV) in the reporting of unlawful content or unsolicited or unwelcome conduct or in pursuance of a legal, professional, or other lawful obligation; or (V) to seek support or help with respect to the receipt of an unsolicited intimate visual depiction; (iii) a disclosure reasonably intended to assist the identifiable individual;
Each publication prohibition exempts a person possessing or publishing the relevant depiction of themselves engaged in nudity or sexually explicit conduct.
(iv) a person who possesses or publishes an intimate visual depiction of himself or herself engaged in nudity or sexually explicit conduct (as that term is defined in section 2256(2)(A) of title 18, United States Code);
(iv) a person who possesses or publishes a digital forgery of himself or herself engaged in nudity or sexually explicit conduct (as that term is defined in section 2256(2)(A) of title 18, United States Code);
The publication offenses exclude child pornography and specified obscene visual representations of child sexual abuse. This exclusion does not limit other relevant laws.
(v) the publication of an intimate visual depiction that constitutes— (I) child pornography (as that term is defined in section 2256 of title 18, United States Code); or (II) a visual depiction described in subsection (a) or (b) of section 1466A of title 18, United States Code (relating to obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children).
Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to limit the application of any other relevant law, including section 2252 of title 18, United States Code.
Publication offenses involving adults carry fines, up to two years in prison, or both. Those involving minors carry fines, up to three years in prison, or both.
(A) Offenses involving adults Any person who violates paragraph (2)(A) or (3)(A) shall be fined under title 18, United States Code, imprisoned not more than 2 years, or both. (B) Offenses involving minors Any person who violates paragraph (2)(B) or (3)(B) shall be fined under title 18, United States Code, imprisoned not more than 3 years, or both.
Consent to create an intimate depiction, or sharing it with another individual, does not by itself establish consent to its publication.
(A) the fact that the identifiable individual provided consent for the creation of the intimate visual depiction shall not establish that the individual provided consent for the publication of the intimate visual depiction; and (B) the fact that the identifiable individual disclosed the intimate visual depiction to another individual shall not establish that the identifiable individual provided consent for the publication of the intimate visual depiction by the person alleged to have violated paragraph (2) or (3), respectively.
Intentional threats to commit authentic-image offenses for intimidation, coercion, extortion, or mental distress carry the publication penalties. Equivalent digital-forgery threats carry fines, imprisonment up to 18 months for adult cases or 30 months for minor cases, or both.
(A) Threats involving authentic intimate visual depictions Any person who intentionally threatens to commit an offense under paragraph (2) for the purpose of intimidation, coercion, extortion, or to create mental distress shall be punished as provided in paragraph (4).
(i) Threats involving adults Any person who intentionally threatens to commit an offense under paragraph (3)(A) for the purpose of intimidation, coercion, extortion, or to create mental distress shall be fined under title 18, United States Code, imprisoned not more than 18 months, or both. (ii) Threats involving minors Any person who intentionally threatens to commit an offense under paragraph (3)(B) for the purpose of intimidation, coercion, extortion, or to create mental distress shall be fined under title 18, United States Code, imprisoned not more than 30 months, or both.
For publication convictions, courts must order forfeiture of unlawfully distributed material, interests in proceeds-related property, and personal property used or intended to facilitate the offense. Specified existing federal forfeiture procedures apply.
The court, in imposing a sentence on any person convicted of a violation of paragraph (2) or (3), shall order, in addition to any other sentence imposed and irrespective of any provision of State law, that the person forfeit to the United States— (i) any material distributed in violation of that paragraph; (ii) the person’s interest in property, real or personal, constituting or derived from any gross proceeds of the violation, or any property traceable to such property, obtained or retained directly or indirectly as a result of the violation; and (iii) any personal property of the person used, or intended to be used, in any manner or part, to commit or to facilitate the commission of the violation.
Section 413 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 853), with the exception of subsections (a) and (d), shall apply to the criminal forfeiture of property under subparagraph (A).
Courts must order restitution for publication offenses using the process referenced in 18 U.S.C. 2264.
The court shall order restitution for an offense under paragraph (2) or (3) in the same manner as under section 2264 of title 18, United States Code.
Section 2 adds the new subsection (h) to an existing defenses provision's cross-reference. It also renumbers the old subsection (h) as (i) and adds a definitions heading; the existing defense language is not reproduced.
by redesignating subsection (h) as subsection (i)
(b) Defenses Section 223(e)(1) of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 223(e)(1)) is amended by striking or (d) and inserting , (d), or (h).
is amended by inserting Definitions.— before For purposes of this section.
Covered platforms must establish a removal-request process within one year after enactment. A depicted individual or authorized representative may report an intimate depiction published without the individual's consent and request removal.
Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, a covered platform shall establish a process whereby an identifiable individual (or an authorized person acting on behalf of such individual) may— (i) notify the covered platform of an intimate visual depiction published on the covered platform that— (I) includes a depiction of the identifiable individual; and (II) was published without the consent of the identifiable individual; and (ii) submit a request for the covered platform to remove such intimate visual depiction.
Removal requests must be written and include a physical or electronic signature, information locating the depiction, a statement of good-faith belief that it is nonconsensual with relevant information, and contact information.
shall include, in writing— (i) a physical or electronic signature of the identifiable individual (or an authorized person acting on behalf of such individual); (ii) an identification of, and information reasonably sufficient for the covered platform to locate, the intimate visual depiction of the identifiable individual; (iii) a brief statement that the identifiable individual has a good faith belief that any intimate visual depiction identified under clause (ii) is not consensual, including any relevant information for the covered platform to determine the intimate visual depiction was published without the consent of the identifiable individual; and (iv) information sufficient to enable the covered platform to contact the identifiable individual (or an authorized person acting on behalf of such individual).
Platforms must prominently explain the removal process and their responsibilities in plain language. A prominent link to another page or disclosure may provide that notice.
A covered platform shall provide on the platform a clear and conspicuous notice, which may be provided through a clear and conspicuous link to another web page or disclosure, of the notice and removal process established under paragraph (1)(A) that— (A) is easy to read and in plain language; and (B) provides information regarding the responsibilities of the covered platform under this section, including a description of how an individual can submit a notification and request for removal.
After a valid request through the required process, a platform must remove the depiction as soon as possible and within 48 hours. It must also make reasonable efforts within that period to identify and remove known identical copies.
Upon receiving a valid removal request from an identifiable individual (or an authorized person acting on behalf of such individual) using the process described in paragraph (1)(A)(ii), a covered platform shall, as soon as possible, but not later than 48 hours after receiving such request— (A) remove the intimate visual depiction; and (B) make reasonable efforts to identify and remove any known identical copies of such depiction.
Covered platforms receive protection from claims based on good-faith removal or disabling of access when circumstances make unlawful publication apparent, even if the depiction is ultimately found lawful.
A covered platform shall not be liable for any claim based on the covered platform’s good faith disabling of access to, or removal of, material claimed to be a nonconsensual intimate visual depiction based on facts or circumstances from which the unlawful publishing of an intimate visual depiction is apparent, regardless of whether the intimate visual depiction is ultimately determined to be unlawful or not.
The Federal Trade Commission enforces the platform requirements. Failure to reasonably comply is treated as violating a rule against unfair or deceptive practices, with the referenced federal law's enforcement powers, penalties, privileges, and immunities.
The term Commission means the Federal Trade Commission.
A failure to reasonably comply with the notice and takedown obligations under subsection (a) shall be treated as a violation of a rule defining an unfair or a deceptive act or practice under section 18(a)(1)(B) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 57a(a)(1)(B)).
Except as provided in subparagraph (D), the Commission shall enforce this section in the same manner, by the same means, and with the same jurisdiction, powers, and duties as though all applicable terms and provisions of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.) were incorporated into and made a part of this section.
Any person who violates this section shall be subject to the penalties and entitled to the privileges and immunities provided in the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.).
The Commission's enforcement authority expressly extends to nonprofit organizations despite otherwise applicable jurisdictional limits. Its authority under other laws is preserved.
Notwithstanding sections 4, 5(a)(2), or 6 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 44, 45(a)(2), 46), or any jurisdictional limitation of the Commission, the Commission shall also enforce this section in the same manner provided in subparagraph (A), with respect to organizations that are not organized to carry on business for their own profit or that of their members.
Nothing in this Act shall be construed to limit the authority of the Federal Trade Commission under any other provision of law.
Covered platforms are public-facing websites, services, and applications that primarily host forums for user-generated content or regularly publish, curate, host, or make available nonconsensual intimate depictions in the course of business. The Act uses Section 2's definitions for consent and the listed image-related terms.
The term covered platform means a website, online service, online application, or mobile application— (i) that serves the public; and (ii) (I) that primarily provides a forum for user-generated content, including messages, videos, images, games, and audio files; or (II) for which it is in the regular course of trade or business of the website, online service, online application, or mobile application to publish, curate, host, or make available content of nonconsensual intimate visual depictions.
The terms consent, digital forgery, identifiable individual, intimate visual depiction, and minor have the meaning given such terms in section 223(h) of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 223), as added by section 2.
Broadband internet providers and email are excluded from covered-platform status. Services primarily offering provider-selected content with incidental or dependent interactive features are also excluded, unless their regular business includes making nonconsensual intimate depictions available.
The term covered platform shall not include the following: (i) A provider of broadband internet access service (as described in section 8.1(b) of title 47, Code of Federal Regulations, or successor regulation). (ii) Electronic mail. (iii) Except as provided in subparagraph (A)(ii)(II), an online service, application, or website— (I) that consists primarily of content that is not user generated but is preselected by the provider of such online service, application, or website; and (II) for which any chat, comment, or interactive functionality is incidental to, directly related to, or dependent on the provision of the content described in subclause (I).
for which it is in the regular course of trade or business of the website, online service, online application, or mobile application to publish, curate, host, or make available content of nonconsensual intimate visual depictions.
If a provision or amendment is held invalid or unenforceable, the remaining provisions and amendments remain unaffected.
If any provision of this Act, or an amendment made by this Act, is determined to be unenforceable or invalid, the remaining provisions of this Act and the amendments made by this Act shall not be affected.
The September 8, 2026 source snapshot records Senate passage without amendment by unanimous consent on February 13, 2025, House passage by 409–2 on April 28, and presidential signature and enactment as Public Law 119-12 on May 19.
Source snapshot updated 2026-09-08T18:09:51Z.
2025-02-13: Passed Senate without amendment by Unanimous Consent. (consideration: CR S988; text: CR S988-990)
2025-04-28: On motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill Agreed to by the Yeas and Nays: (2/3 required): 409 - 2 (Roll no. 104). (text: CR H1644-1645)
2025-05-19: Became Public Law No: 119-12.
2025-05-19: Signed by President.
A closer look
Reviewed version: Enrolled Bill. These findings describe provisions and who may benefit; they are not judgments of waste, corruption, or motive.
This review covers the supplied bill text. “None identified” does not rule out provisions in later versions or accompanying reports and disclosures.
Provisions outside the bill’s main subject, or policy changes attached to appropriations.
None identified in the reviewed text
No unrelated provision or policy attached to appropriations was identified in the complete supplied enrolled text. This conclusion does not establish absence in other versions or accompanying materials.
Spending directed to particular recipients or places outside ordinary competitive or formula-based allocation.
None identified in the reviewed text
No congressionally directed spending for particular recipients or places was identified in the complete supplied enrolled text. This conclusion is limited to that version and does not establish absence in accompanying materials.
Narrow exceptions, exemptions, or preferential treatment that warrant a closer look.
Findings to examine
The text contains a specific liability protection tied directly to the removal policy. Its classification as a targeted benefit is not a judgment about its justification.
Covered platforms receive a targeted liability protection for good-faith removal or disabling of access when circumstances make unlawful publication apparent. The protection applies even if the depiction is ultimately found lawful and accompanies the platform removal obligations.
A covered platform shall not be liable for any claim based on the covered platform’s good faith disabling of access to, or removal of, material claimed to be a nonconsensual intimate visual depiction based on facts or circumstances from which the unlawful publishing of an intimate visual depiction is apparent, regardless of whether the intimate visual depiction is ultimately determined to be unlawful or not.
Full text preserved for this analysis. Legislative record snapshot: Sep 8, 2026. How PlainBill uses AI