Medicare and Medicaid Extenders Act of 2010

(Sec. 105) Amends the Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Benefits Improvement and Protection Act of 2000 to extend until January 1, 2012, an exception to a payment rule that permits laboratories to receive direct Medicare reimbursement when providing the technical component of certain physician pathology services that had been outsourced by certain (rural) hospitals.

(Sec. 106) Amends SSA title XVIII to extend the bonus and increased payments for ground ambulance services until January 1, 2012.

Amends the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 (MIPPA) to extend the payment of certain urban air ambulance services until January 1, 2012.

Extends increased payments for super rural ambulance services until January 1, 2012.

(Sec. 107) Amends MIPPA to extend the physician fee schedule mental health add-on payment provision through December 31, 2011.

(Sec. 108) Extends through 2011 hold harmless provisions under the prospective payment system for hospital outpatient department services.

(Sec. 109) Amends the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, as modified by other federal law, to extend from July 1, 2010, until July 1, 2012, the reasonable cost reimbursement for clinical diagnostic laboratory service for qualifying rural hospitals with under 50 beds.

(Sec. 110) Amends SSA title XIX (Medicaid) to extend the Qualifying Individual (Q1) Program through December 31, 2011, at specified allocations.

(Sec. 111) Extends the Transitional Medical Assistance (TMA) Program through December 31, 2011.

(Sec. 112) Amends the Public Health Service Act to extend through FY2013 the authorization of appropriations for: (1) type I diabetes research; and (2) diabetes prevention and treatment through Indian health facilities.

Title II: Other Provisions - (Sec. 201) Amends the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) to apply to elections made on and after enactment of PPACA the 12-month special Medicare part B (Supplementary Medical Insurance) enrollment period (under title XVIII [Medicare] of the Social Security Act [SSA]) for military retirees, their spouses (including widows/widowers), and dependent children, who are otherwise eligible for TRICARE (the health care plan under the Department of Defense [DOD]) and entitled to Medicare part A (Hospital Insurance) based on disability or end stage renal disease (ESRD), but who have declined Medicare part B (Supplementary Medical Insurance).

(Sec. 202) Repeals the delay until FY2012 of the implementation of Version 4 of the Resource Utilization Groups (RUG-IV) for purposes of reimbursing skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) under Medicare. Allows RUG-IV to go into effect on October 1, 2010.

(Sec. 203) Revises specified requirements for reallocating unused residency positions to qualifying hospitals for primary care residents for purposes of payments to hospitals for graduate medical education (GME) costs. Applies such requirements to hospitals which are members of the same affiliated group. Makes the reference level for each such hospital the reference resident level with respect to the cost reporting period that results in the smallest difference between such level and the otherwise applicable resident limit.

(Sec. 204) Amends the Public Health Service Act and SSA title XIX (Medicaid) to require the inclusion of orphan drugs for rare diseases or conditions among covered outpatient drugs under the 340B drug discount program (which limits the cost of covered outpatient drugs to certain federal grantees) for eligible children's hospitals.

(Sec. 205) Makes technical corrections to SSA titles XIX and XXI (Children's Health Insurance Program) (CHIP).

Repeals the requirement that Medicaid agencies exclude individuals or entities from participating in Medicaid for a specified period of time if the entity or individual owns, controls, or manages an entity that: (1) has failed to repay overpayments during a specified period; (2) is suspended, excluded, or terminated from participation in any Medicaid program; or (3) is affiliated with an individual or entity that has been suspended, excluded, or terminated from Medicaid participation.

Delays until calendar 2014 the increase from 100% to 133% of the income official poverty line applicable to a family of the size involved of the income level the state must establish with respect to a Medicaid group containing children born after September 30, 1983 (or, at state option, after any earlier date), who have attained between 6 and 19 years of age.

Amends the Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2009 with respect to the requirement that the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) calculate or publish any national or state-specific error rate based on the application of the federal payment error rate measurement (PERM) requirements to CHIP. Declares that the Secretary of Health and Human Services is not required to calculate or publish a national or a state-specific error rate for FY2009 or FY2010.

Revises requirements for CHIP coverage of the children of state employees as targeted low-income children. Repeals the requirement that the hardship exception in favor of such a child, where the annual aggregate amount of premiums and cost-sharing imposed for coverage of the child's family would exceed 5% of the family's income for the year involved, be determined only on a case-by-case basis.

Revises requirements for calculation of the net average allowable costs of a state in the formula for determining federal payments to states to encourage the adoption and use of certified electronic health record (EHR) technology.

(Sec. 206) Makes appropriations to the Secretary of HHS for the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Program Management Account with respect to Medicare claims reprocessing.

(Sec. 207) Decreases the amounts available for expenditure from the Medicare Improvement Fund for FY2015.

(Sec. 208) Amends the Internal Revenue Code to raise the ceiling on the increase allowed in the tax imposed as a result of excess advance payments of the health insurance tax credit under PPACA to a taxpayer whose household income is less than 500% (currently, less than 400%) of the poverty line for the size of the family involved.